上海65米射电望远镜系统(又名天马望远镜)是中国科学院和上海市的重大合作项目，由中科院、上海市和探月工程联合出资建设。项目预期目标是在上海松江佘山基地建造一个65米口径全方位可转动的大型射电望远镜系统，在国内领先、亚洲最大、国际先进、总体性能在同类望远镜中国际上名列前4名。研究工作分为两个阶段，第一阶段完成望远镜主体建设和L、S/X和C频段的验收，建立射电天文观测系统并进行观测试验。第二阶段开展高频波段致冷接收机（Ku, K, Ka, Q）的研制、测试、安装、现场调整等工作，及主动面系统调整模型的完善和应用，满足天体物理学、天体测量学、深空探测等学科和重大工程的应用要求。
上海65米射电望远镜从2008年10月底立项，2009年12月奠基，2010年3月开始现场建设，到2012年10月望远镜体落成，历时4年。按计划圆满地完成了一期的建设任务，包括天线系统、四个波段接收机系统（L、S、C、X）、主动面系统、终端系统、台站控制系统、时频系统、配套系统等。同年开始测试和试运行。2013年依据《上海65米射电望远镜系统第一阶段验收测试大纲》对所有技术指标进行的测试结果表明，该望远镜系统所有技术指标均满足或优于任务书中技术指标的要求，实现了我们建设世界级大型射电望远镜的目标，通过了专家评审。该望远镜于2013年12月正式命名为上海天马望远镜，并以"亚洲第一射电望远镜建成"入选了中国科学院院士和中国工程院院士投票评选的2012年中国十大科技进展新闻、国家国防科工局组织评选的2012年度国防科技工业十大新闻、2012年上海十大科技进展第一名、2012年度"十大天文科技进展"等。2017年通过第二阶段验收，获得2018年上海市科技进步奖特等奖，并入选中科院改革开放40年40项标志性重大科技成果等。
天马望远镜在天线结构保形设计技术、主反射面精度保证技术、轨道无缝焊接技术、五自由度副反射面随动技术、主反射面主动调节控制技术、致冷接收机研发技术、VLBI观测终端及射电天文观测终端研发技术等多方面均有创新，最高指向精度达到4角秒，所有波段各仰角的观测效率均达到50%，为国际先进水平。
天马望远镜作为主力测站先后参加并成功完成了2012年的嫦娥二号奔小行星探测、2013年的嫦娥三号月球软着陆、2014年的嫦娥五号飞行试验器的VLBI测定轨任务，使我国VLBI观测网的灵敏度提高至1.67倍，大幅提高了VLBI系统的测量能力，为探月系列卫星的VLBI测定轨做出了"卓越贡献"。天马望远镜作为主力测站继续参加并完成了嫦娥四号月球背面软着陆和嫦娥五号采样返回VLBI测定轨任务、正在执行火星探测绕飞和着陆巡视的天问一号VLBI测定轨，继续执行后续一系列的探月和深空探测等国家重大任务。
天马望远镜成功开展了谱线、脉冲星和VLBI的射电天文观测。探测到了包括长碳链分子HC7N在内的许多重要分子的发射和一些新的羟基脉泽源，探测到包括北天周期最短毫秒脉冲星在内的一批脉冲星，发现了目前研究热点-"银心磁星"具有周期跃变现象等，取得了重大的射电天文观测成果，实现了对外逐步开放。天马望远镜作为欧洲VLBI网、国际测地网、东亚VLBI网的一个高灵敏度测站，多次被选为基准参考测站，大幅提升了各网科学探测灵敏度和我国影响力，实现了由跟随到引领的突破，取得了一系列原创性科学成果，为世界首次黑洞成像流量定标等做出重大贡献。目前，已有北大、国台、新台、广州大、上海台等10多家单位的数十名科学家利用观测。天马望远镜还成为了欧洲VLBI网、IVS网、东亚VLBI网高灵敏度测站。每年的运行时间长达7000小时，为国际一流水平。
该望远镜将在今后我国的探月工程、火星探测、天文学研究中发挥重要作用，进一步提升我国基础研究的实力，打下更加深厚的科学研究基础，为更好地完成国家的战略需求做好技术储备。
天马望远镜仅接收来自宇宙天体的无线电波或人造卫星、深空探测器发出的电波信号，望远镜自身不发射信号，因此，对周边环境不会有任何辐射影响。
Shanghai 65 m radio telescope (Tianma Telescope) is a major cooperative project between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Municipality, which is jointly funded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Municipality, and lunar exploration project. This project is expected to build a 65 m fully-steerable large-scale radio telescope in Songjiang district, Shanghai, which will be leading domestic, Asia’s largest, international advanced, whose overall performance is in the international top four among the same sorts of telescopes. The construction is divided into two phases. Phase one is to complete the telescope construction and its L-, S/X- and C-bands acceptance of telescope with the establishment of radio astronomical observation system and observational tests. Phase two is to accomplish the development, testing, installation and debugging of the high-frequency cryogenic receivers consisting of Ku-, K-, X/Ka- and Q-bands with the improvement and application of the active surface system which can meet the requirements of astrophysics, astrometry, deep space exploration and other major projects’ application.
Shanghai 65 m radio telescope funded in Oct. 2008, laid the foundation in Dec. 2009, began the site construction in Mar. 2010, and completed in Oct. 2012, which lasted four years. The construction work in phase one was successfully accomplished consisting of the antenna system, the L/S/C/X four-band receiving systems, the active surface system, the back-end system, the station control system, the time-frequency system and auxiliary systems. It began to test and commission in the same year. In terms of the acceptance test outline of Shanghai 65 m radio telescope in phase one in 2013, all the measured results met or bettern than the project specifications which achieved the goal of building a world-class large-scale radio telescope approved by the experts’ review. Shanghai 65 m radio telescope officially named as “Tianma Telescope” in Dec. 2013. Tianma Telescope was selected as the China top ten scientific and technological progress news jointly voted by academicians from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinses Academy of Engineering, national defense technology industry top ten news voted by the National Defense Science and Technology Bureau, number 1 of Shanghai top ten scientific and technological progress, and top ten astronomy science and technology progress, all in 2012.
Several innovations on the Tianma telescope were obtained consisting of the antenna structure conformal design technology, the main reflector surface precision assurance technology, the track seamless welding technology, the five-degree freedom sub-reflector follow-up technology, the main-reflector surface active control technology, the cryogenic receiver research and development technology, the VLBI observation and radio astronomical observation back-ends research and development technology. Currently, the highest pointing accuracy is 4 arcseconds with the aperture efficiency of 50% at various elevations which researches the international advanced level.
Tianma telescope as the main station of Chinese VLBI Network has participated in and successfully completed the Chang E-2 aircraft to small planetary explorations in 2012, the Chang E-3 aircraft’s soft landing on the moon in 2013, the Chang E-5 aircraft’s track measurement and determination using VLBI technology in 2014, which increased the sensitivity of China VLBI observation network to 1.67 times, greatly improving the observation capacity of the VLBI system with the outstanding contribution on the track measurement and determination of the lunar series satellites. In the following several years, Tianma telescope will still as the main station continue to participate the VLBI tracking consisting of the Chang E-5 aircraft’s sampling back, the Chang E-4 aircraft’s soft landing on the back of the moon, Mars exploration on the round-flight and landing, and other major national tasks.
Tianma telescope successfully carried out the spectral lines, pulsars and VLBI radio astronomical observations. The emission of many important molecules including the long molecular chain HC7N and some new OH masers have been detected, and a series of pulsars including the shortest rotational period millisecond pulsars on the northern sky have also been explored with the research hotspot on ‘magnetar in the galactic center’ having the glitch phenomenon, which made a great progress on radio astronomical observation results to achieve the opening up. Currently, dozens of scientists from Pecking University, National Astronomical Observatories of China, Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory and etc. have used the telescope for observations. Tianma telescope has also become the high-sensitivity station of the European VLBI network, the IVS network, the East Asia VLBI network. The annual operation time is up to 7000 hours (included the maintaining), achieving the international first-class level.
